Demonstrações Contábeis no R

Este post é uma pequena demonstração da utilização do programa R pra obtenção de demonstrações contábeis de empresas brasileiras. O código está na primeira parte do post. O output do R vem logo em seguida O pacote utilizado é o quantmod, que está em fase de renovação, pois as atualizações estavam paradas. As demonstrações podem ser obtidas pelo Yahoo Finance ou Google Finance a partir do ano de 2007.

Neste post, criei o objeto acoes com o símbolos de 6 empresas (CIELO,PETROBRAS,BRADESCO,CIA DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO,AMBEV, e BMFBOVESPA). Apresento o procedimento via Yahoo para a ação da Cia de Distribuição. Os dados das outras empresas que estão no objeto acoes podem ser obtidas com uma simples mudança do símbolo da ação desejada. É importante ressaltar que as informações são gratuitas, estão em inglês, mas não sei qual é o grau de confiabilidade.

O quantmod tem funções que permitem a execução de uma série de modelagens quantitativas em finanças. Assim, no fim do post apresento a série do preço de fechamento das ações da Cia de Distribuição.

#Instale e carregue o pacote Quantmod
library(quantmod)
 
#Faça o download das ações via Yahoo Finance 
acoes<-c("CIEL3F.SA","PETR4.SA","BBDC4F.SA","PCAR4F.SA","ABEV3.SA","BVMF3.SA")
getSymbols(acoes, src="yahoo",from="2007-01-01", to="2014-01-01")
 
 
 
#Vamos obter as seguintes demonstrações contábeis do Pão de Açúcar:1) Demonstrações de Resultados (Income Statements - IS).
#2 Balanço (Balance Sheets - BS) 3) Demonstração dos Fluxos de Caixa. (Cash Flow Statements - CF)
# AnuaL (Annual - A).# Trimestral. (Quarterly - Q).
 
#Obtêm as informações financeiras(preço de abertura,fechamento,volume,fechamento ajustado etc) de PCAR4.
getFin("PCAR4")
 
#Dividendos
PAO<-("PCAR4F.SA")
getDividends(PAO,src="yahoo")
 
#Visualize a Demonstração de Resultado Trimestral
viewFin(PCAR4.f,"IS", "Q")
 
#Obtenha o Balanço Anual para PCAR4
viewFin(PCAR4.f,"BS", "A")
 
#Obtenha as Demonstração dos Fluxos de Caixa Anual
viewFin(PCAR4.f,"CF", "A")
 
#Gráfico do preço de fechamento de PCAR4
chart_Series(Cl(PCAR4F.SA))
 
#Preço de Fechamento das últimas 3 Semanas
PCAR4F.SA<-last(PCAR4F.SA, "3 weeks")
chart_Series(Cl(PCAR4F.SA))

#Os mesmos comandos podem ser usados para outras ações listadas no objeto acoes. 

> getDividends(PAO,src="yahoo")
               [,1]
2010-04-30 0.393723
2010-05-18 0.080000
2010-08-04 0.080000
2010-11-18 0.800000
2011-08-02 0.090000
2011-11-16 0.090000
2012-04-30 0.410246
2012-06-12 0.110000
2012-08-01 0.110000
2012-11-13 0.110000
2013-04-18 0.653088
2013-05-06 0.130000
2013-08-01 0.130000
2013-10-28 0.130000
2014-04-17 0.588935
2014-05-06 0.140000

#Visualize a Demonstração de Resultado Trimestral
> viewFin(PCAR4.f,"IS", "Q")
Quarterly Income Statement for PCAR4
                                                 2014-09-30 2014-06-30 2014-03-31 2013-12-31 2013-09-30
Revenue                                            15648.67   15202.90   15008.64   16887.39   14106.85
Other Revenue, Total                                     NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Total Revenue                                      15648.67   15202.90   15008.64   16887.39   14106.85
Cost of Revenue, Total                             11621.47   11253.87   11249.82   12666.14   10417.26
Gross Profit                                        4027.20    3949.03    3758.82    4221.25    3689.59
Selling/General/Admin. Expenses, Total              2894.91    2846.23    2729.12    2655.82    2673.36
Research & Development                                   NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Depreciation/Amortization                            206.81     191.29     191.29     196.40     200.97
Interest Expense(Income) - Net Operating                 NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Unusual Expense (Income)                              12.83      22.75       0.91      38.57      -7.50
Other Operating Expenses, Total                        5.04      42.16      26.68     260.09      23.57
Total Operating Expense                            14714.05   14328.84   14176.13   15798.06   13292.08
Operating Income                                     934.62     874.06     832.51    1089.33     814.77
Interest Income(Expense), Net Non-Operating              NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets                            NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Other, Net                                          -562.25    -277.62    -283.31    -117.92    -431.80
Income Before Tax                                    557.12     512.92     493.49     761.46     503.21
Income After Tax                                     389.69     358.44     338.44     687.44     356.53
Minority Interest                                   -113.51     -94.14     -94.48    -195.72     -74.42
Equity In Affiliates                                     NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Net Income Before Extra. Items                       276.18     264.30     243.96     491.72     282.11
Accounting Change                                        NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Discontinued Operations                                  NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Extraordinary Item                                       NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Net Income                                           276.18     264.30     243.96     491.72     282.11
Preferred Dividends                                      NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Income Available to Common Excl. Extra Items         276.18     264.30     243.96     491.72     282.11
Income Available to Common Incl. Extra Items         276.18     264.30     243.96     491.72     282.11
Basic Weighted Average Shares                            NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Basic EPS Excluding Extraordinary Items                  NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Basic EPS Including Extraordinary Items                  NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Dilution Adjustment                                    0.00         NA         NA         NA         NA
Diluted Weighted Average Shares                      265.08     264.91     264.91     265.23     263.88
Diluted EPS Excluding Extraordinary Items              1.04       1.00       0.92       1.85       1.07
Diluted EPS Including Extraordinary Items                NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Dividends per Share - Common Stock Primary Issue       0.00       0.00       0.00         NA       0.00
Gross Dividends - Common Stock                           NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Net Income after Stock Based Comp. Expense               NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Basic EPS after Stock Based Comp. Expense                NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Diluted EPS after Stock Based Comp. Expense              NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Depreciation, Supplemental                               NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Total Special Items                                      NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Normalized Income Before Taxes                           NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Effect of Special Items on Income Taxes                  NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Income Taxes Ex. Impact of Special Items                 NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Normalized Income After Taxes                            NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Normalized Income Avail to Common                        NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Basic Normalized EPS                                     NA         NA         NA         NA         NA
Diluted Normalized EPS                                 1.14       1.14       0.99       2.20       1.05
attr(,"col_desc")
[1] "3 months ending 2014-09-30" "3 months ending 2014-06-30" "3 months ending 2014-03-31" "3 months ending 2013-12-31"
[5] "3 months ending 2013-09-30"

 

> #Obtenha o Balanço Anual para PCAR4.
> viewFin(PCAR4.f,"BS", "A")
Annual Balance Sheet for PCAR4
                                             2013-12-31 2012-12-31 2011-12-31 2010-12-31
Cash & Equivalents                              8024.06    6595.64    4969.95    3400.43
Short Term Investments                            24.45       0.00       0.00     600.61
Cash and Short Term Investments                 8391.63    7086.25    4969.95    4418.61
Accounts Receivable - Trade, Net                2515.67    2646.08    5111.94    4047.23
Receivables - Other                                  NA         NA         NA         NA
Total Receivables, Net                          3651.02    3728.57    6299.27    5205.57
Total Inventory                                 6381.54    5759.65    5552.77    4823.77
Prepaid Expenses                                  92.28      66.79     105.79     225.12
Other Current Assets, Total                       93.27      39.04      23.05       0.00
Total Current Assets                           18609.74   16680.30   16950.83   14673.07
Property/Plant/Equipment, Total - Gross        14083.14   12580.84     341.55   10370.19
Accumulated Depreciation, Total                -5029.54   -4466.34         NA   -3575.85
Goodwill, Net                                   2653.10    2058.34         NA    1975.09
Intangibles, Net                                3047.56    2917.22    4939.36    2940.89
Long Term Investments                            309.53     362.43     340.12     239.93
Other Long Term Assets, Total                   1988.14    2624.36    2342.61    2141.71
Total Assets                                   38008.35   34832.11   33443.45   29772.26
Accounts Payable                                8547.54    6240.36    5953.20    5368.74
Accrued Expenses                                 907.55     864.75     867.26     628.18
Notes Payable/Short Term Debt                      0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
Current Port. of LT Debt/Capital Leases         5171.42    4211.15    4917.50    2915.12
Other Current liabilities, Total                2386.24    2075.01    1437.68    2011.40
Total Current Liabilities                      17012.75   13391.27   13175.64   10923.44
Long Term Debt                                  4123.34    6118.57    6046.11    5490.69
Capital Lease Obligations                        198.51     162.54     194.79     101.24
Total Long Term Debt                            4321.85    6281.10    6240.90    5591.94
Total Debt                                      9493.27   10492.25   11158.40    8507.05
Deferred Income Tax                             1060.85    1137.38    1114.87    1028.99
Minority Interest                               3228.77    2573.23    2469.15    2477.27
Other Liabilities, Total                        2900.93    2954.41    2817.60    2727.31
Total Liabilities                              28525.16   26337.38   25818.17   22748.94
Redeemable Preferred Stock, Total                    NA         NA         NA         NA
Preferred Stock - Non Redeemable, Net                NA         NA         NA         NA
Common Stock, Total                             6764.30    6710.03    6129.40    5579.26
Additional Paid-In Capital                           NA         NA         NA         NA
Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)         2756.22    1784.69    1495.87    1444.06
Treasury Stock - Common                              NA         NA         NA         NA
Other Equity, Total                              -37.33         NA         NA         NA
Total Equity                                    9483.19    8494.73    7625.27    7023.32
Total Liabilities & Shareholders' Equity   38008.35   34832.11   33443.45   29772.26
Shares Outs - Common Stock Primary Issue             NA         NA         NA         NA
Total Common Shares Outstanding                  264.22     263.17     260.03     257.63
attr(,"col_desc")
[1] "As of 2013-12-31" "As of 2012-12-31" "As of 2011-12-31" "As of 2010-12-31"

> #Obtenha as Demonstração dos Fluxos de Caixa Anual
> viewFin(PCAR4.f,"CF", "A")
Annual Cash Flow Statement for PCAR4
                                       2013-12-31 2012-12-31 2011-12-31 2010-12-31
Net Income/Starting Line                  1396.21    1156.44     719.66     585.93
Depreciation/Depletion                     865.42     834.11     706.49     446.13
Amortization                                   NA         NA         NA         NA
Deferred Taxes                              89.09     193.35     -57.12      32.47
Non-Cash Items                            1909.30    1033.15    1280.23     523.10
Changes in Working Capital                 631.93    2082.21   -1521.19   -1226.24
Cash from Operating Activities            4891.95    5299.26    1128.06     361.38
Capital Expenditures                     -1849.61   -1393.39   -1454.28   -1480.26
Other Investing Cash Flow Items, Total    -176.92      54.51    -171.22      52.27
Cash from Investing Activities           -2026.53   -1338.88   -1625.50   -1427.99
Financing Cash Flow Items                 5371.28    6297.69    6582.05    3863.34
Total Cash Dividends Paid                 -452.66    -186.39    -183.47    -151.41
Issuance (Retirement) of Stock, Net         16.24      21.31      22.97      35.12
Issuance (Retirement) of Debt, Net       -6519.35   -7976.69   -4772.16   -1204.38
Cash from Financing Activities           -1584.49   -1844.08    1649.39    2542.67
Foreign Exchange Effects                       NA         NA         NA         NA
Net Change in Cash                        1280.92    2116.30    1151.96    1476.07
Cash Interest Paid, Supplemental           720.51     913.10     336.13     182.81
Cash Taxes Paid, Supplemental                  NA         NA         NA         NA
attr(,"col_desc")
[1] "12 months ending 2013-12-31" "12 months ending 2012-12-31" "12 months ending 2011-12-31" "12 months ending 2010-12-31"

Preço de Fechamento nos últimos anos:

 

Preço de Fechamento nas últimas 3 semanas

A crise esquecida: a depressão de 1921

 [...]
Beginning in January 1920, something much worse than a recession blighted the world. The U.S. suffered the steepest plunge in wholesale prices in its history (not even eclipsed by the Great Depression), as well as a 31.6% drop in industrial production and a 46.6% fall in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Unemployment spiked, and corporate profits plunged.

What to do? “Nothing” was the substantive response of the successive administrations of Woodrow Wilson and Warren G. Harding. Well, not quite nothing. Rather, they did what few 21st-century policy makers would have dared: They balanced the federal budget and—via the still wet-behind-the-ears Federal Reserve—raised interest rates rather than lowering them. Curiously, the depression ran its course. Eighteen months elapsed from business-cycle peak to business-cycle trough—following which the 1920s roared.

The adage that “the past is a foreign country” is especially apt in economics. In 1920, “macroeconomics” had yet to be invented. People spoke of prosperity and depression but not of a national economy. Still less did they identify an organic whole for the government to manage. Intervention came later; by 1929, central bankers had begun to dabble in the technique of price-level “stabilization.” After the crash, President Herbert Hoover famously pressed employers not to cut wages.

Laissez faire had its last hurrah in 1921. In the 1920 Republican Party platform, the only comment on “national economy” had to do with the stewardship of the federal finances.

Borrowing and interest-rate suppression during World War I had fostered a postwar boom. Imbibing the inflationary ether, Harry Truman, then in his mid-30s, opened a new haberdashery in Kansas City. General Motors built the world’s largest headquarters building in Detroit. National City Bank , forerunner to today’s Citibank , overexpanded in Cuba.

The sky took its time in falling. A belated monetary tightening compounded the hardship of plunging prices—a combination that battered bankers, laborers, farmers, corporate titans and small businesspeople alike. By the close of 1920, Billy Durant, the flamboyant chief of GM, was broke and jobless. A year and a half later, the future 33rd president of the U.S. and his haberdashery partner were out of business, and the mighty City Bank was nursing its self-inflicted wounds in Cuba.

All this made 1921 a grim time. There had been a flu pandemic and a Red Scare. Labor and management were at each other’s throats. Prohibition had closed the bars and taverns (or driven them underground). Someone had fixed the 1919 World Series. And the Federal Reserve, determined to protect the purchasing power of the gold dollar, actually raised interest rates in the face of collapsing business activity—to as much as 8% in 1920. Without a federal safety net, people got by on savings, wits or charity—or they didn’t get by.

In the absence of anything resembling government stimulus, a modern economist may wonder how the depression of 1920-21 ever ended. Oddly enough, deflation turned out to be a tonic. Prices—and, critically, wages too—were allowed to fall, and they fell far enough to entice consumers, employers and investors to part with their money. Europeans, noticing that America was on the bargain counter, shipped their gold across the Atlantic, where it swelled the depression-shrunken U.S. money supply. Shares of profitable and well-financed American companies changed hands at giveaway valuations.


Of course, the year-and-a-half depression must have seemed interminable for all who were jobless or destitute. It was, however, a great deal shorter than the 43 months of the Great Depression of 1929-33. Then too, the 1922 recovery would bring tears of envy to today’s central bankers and policy makers: Passenger-car production shot up by 63%, for instance, and the Dow jumped by 21.5%. “From practically all angles,” this newspaper judged in a New Year’s Day 1923 retrospective, “1922 can be recorded as the renaissance of prosperity.”

In 2008, as Lehman Brothers toppled, the Great Depression monopolized the market on historical analogies. To avoid a recurrence of the 1930s, officials declared, the U.S. had to knock down interest rates, manipulate stock prices to go higher, repave the highways and trade in the clunkers.

The forgotten depression teaches a very different lesson. Sometimes the best stimulus is none at all.

Fonte:Mr. Grant is the author of “The Forgotten Depression: 1921: The Crash That Cured Itself.”