Uma melhor visão do risco de uma entidade

“Fornece uma idéia mais acurada do risco da empresa que a contabilidade pelo custo histórico” Stephen Horan, em Finance briefing (Abaixo, o texto completo)

Finance briefing: system depicts risk more accurately
Financial Times (FT.Com) - 1 June 2008

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) share a vision of a single set of high-quality global accounting standards. In the third of a monthly series, Stephen M. Horan discusses the role of fair value accounting in the current market environment.

Q: What are the benefits of fair value accounting?
A: Fair value accounting is intended to reflect in reported financial statements the essential economic, market-based information related to a firm's activities.
It can provide early warnings of changes in a firm's financial position by continuously reflecting the changing value of its assets and liabilities. It provides a more accurate picture of firm risk than historical cost accounting, which can obscure and defer recognition of economic realities.

Q: Why switch from historical cost accounting?
A: A historical cost regime can provide managers with an option to realise gains when asset values increase but to conceal losses when asset values drop.
This flexibility can encourage managers to undertake speculative projects knowing that historical cost puts a floor on their reported losses. Although recording impaired assets at the lesser of their original cost or their current market value as dictated by traditional rules mitigates this incentive, adherence to this rule depends on management judgment.
Moreover, managers may have an incentive to pursue excess leverage or hidden risks because historical cost accounting artificially smooths results.
Ironically, the incentive to take on more risk than is justified by the economics can result in the sort of turmoil we now have in credit markets.

Q: Why do stakeholders prefer one over the other?
A: Corporate managers usually prefer historical cost accounting as it tends to stabilise reported earnings over time, which may also smooth out a manager's incentive-based compensation.
They believe the approach reduces market volatility and that fair value information is costly to obtain.
Investors, on the other hand, tend to value accounting information that reflects underlying economic conditions.
A recent survey of CFA Institute members shows 79 per cent of respondents believe fair value accounting improves transparency of financial institutions while 74 per cent believe it improves market integrity.

Q: Did fair value accounting cause the meltdown in credit markets?
A: Some say fair value write-downs triggered margin calls and capital requirement violations that forced liquidations that suppressed prices further and caused further write-downs. However, fair value accounting probably brought the extent of write-downs from subprime financial market instruments to light sooner, which may have prompted more timely intervention from central banks and prevented further deterioration of market liquidity.

Q: What are some of the challenges of fair value accounting?
A: Ideally, direct market quotes of actively traded assets can be used to mark to market. The credit crisis highlights that market prices of some financial instruments may not be readily observable, especially in illiquid or unbalanced markets.
For these assets, fair value might be estimated using prices of similar securities in active markets. Where this is not feasible, a specific valuation technique that relies on external inputs as much as possible rather than internally generated inputs is necessary.
This approach may seem onerous, but financial institutions should presumably have valuation expertise for instruments they trade. The lack of such expertise should not be construed as a deficiency in the accounting regime.

Q: What problems arise if some assets and liabilities are not reported at fair value?
A: A mixed attribute accounting model, which blends fair value and historical cost treatments, can create mismatches with unintended consequences.
For example, if a firm uses fair value accounting for a derivative security intended to hedge the interest rate risk of a loan recorded at historical cost, the accounting mismatch can create artificial volatility in the reported value of the combined position.
But markets have an uncanny ability to discern economic reality when given the proper data.

Q: Can fair value accounting be improved?
A: Financial statement presentation proposals under consideration by the IASB and FASB can help isolate the impact of fair value reporting on reported financial performance.
These proposals suggest separating gains and losses from financial instruments from operating activities.

Q: What is your advice for fund managers?
A: They should become familiar with using the additional information available through fair value reporting and distinguish mixed attribute volatility from true economic volatility.
Those who appreciate the added value and transparency of fair value accounting might also demand fuller disclosure.
Finally, fund managers might consider supporting the IASB and FASB efforts to promote fair value accounting.

Stephen M. Horan is head, private wealth and investor education at CFA Institute. Vincent Papa, senior policy analyst, contributed to this article.
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